Author

Year

Journal

SORT

Subject Population

N

Method

1

Blackhall, L.J.

Murphy, S.T.

Frank, G.

Michel, V.

Azen, S.

1995

JAMA

A

Elderly Population

200 European Americans; 200 African Americans; 200 Korean Americans; 200 Mexican Americans

Survey

Results Korean Americans (47%) and Mexican Americans (65%) were significantly less likely to believe that a patient should be told the diagnosis of metastatic cancer than European Americans (87%) and African Americans. Korean Americans (35%) and Mexican Americans (48%) were significantly less likely to believe that a patient should be told about a terminal prognosis than European Americans (69%) and African Americans (63%).

2

Muni, S.

Engelberg, R. A.

Treece, P. D.

Dotolo, D.

Curtis, J. R.

2011

Chest

A

Patients

3138

(659 European American; 87 Hispanic American; 213 African American;

270 Asian American; 64 American Indian/Alaskan Native American;

27 Pacific Islander)

Chart Review

Results Prognosis was discussed during conference more often with Minority Americans (44.3%) than European Americans (36.1%). The patient’s opinion and wishes were expressed more often by European Americans (23.6%) than Minority Americans (17.2%). These results held consistently even after adjustment for socioeconomic factors.

3

Matsumura, S.

Bito, S.

Liu, H.

Kahn, K.

Fukuhara, S.

Kagawa-Singer, M.

Wenger, N.

2002

J Gen Intern Med

B

Elderly Population

539 English Speaking Japanese Americans; 340 Japanese Speaking Japanese Americans

Survey

Results Both English speaking Japanese Americans (93.7%) and Japanese speaking Japanese Americans (88.0%) preferred disclosure of a cancer diagnosis to the patient. English Speaking Japanese Americans (95.4%) and Japanese Speaking Japanese Americans (96.9%) also desired disclosure to the family. More English speaking Japanese Americans (84.6%) desired direct verbal disclosure of a terminal diagnosis to the patient compared to Japanese speaking Japanese Americans (62.7%). Japanese speaking Japanese Americans (23.2%) were more likely to prefer implicit nonverbal disclosure of a terminal diagnosis to the patient compared to English speaking Japanese Americans (10.7%). Likewise, more English speaking Japanese Americans (92.5%) preferred direct verbal disclosure of terminal diagnosis compared to Japanese speaking Japanese Americans (84.0%). More Japanese speaking Japanese Americans (11.3%) preferred implicit nonverbal disclosure of a terminal diagnosis compared to English speaking Japanese Americans (5.4%).

4

DeSanto-Madeya, S.

Nilsson, M.

Loggers, E.T.

Paulk, E.

Stieglitz, H.

Kupersztoch, Y.M.

Prigerson, H.G.

2009

J Palliat. Med

B

Caregiver

167

(79 European Americans;

8 African Americans;

8 Asian Americans;

71 Hispanic Americans;

1 Other)

Interview

Results Compared with less acculturated caregivers, those with higher acculturation scores were more likely to report that too little information was disclosed. Caregivers with lower acculturation scores were likely to report that too much information was disclosed. Distinction was not made between minority ethnicities.

5

Berkman, C. S.

Ko, E.

2009

J. Palliat. Med

B

Elderly Population

26 Korean Americans

Interview